(The Center Square) – Pennsylvania’s electrical grid is at a critical crossroads, buckling under the pressure of rising demand with not enough supply or time to stabilize it.
Those concerns – reliability and affordability – dominated the last year for PJM Interconnection, the regional grid operator serving 67 million people across 13 states and the District of Columbia. Long-standing generation is retiring faster than replacements can come online, while demand – driven largely by AI-powered data centers – is increasing.
The path ahead appears as uncertain as the one before it.
Demand surge intersects with supply crunch
Energy leaders spent much of 2025 warning that Pennsylvania, and the broader PJM region, are entering an era defined by rapid load growth. Projections tied to data center expansion alone put anticipated new demand at roughly 22 to 30 GW – enough electricity for more than 10 million homes – while expected new supply is closer to 6 to 12 GW.
That widening gap has been a key driver behind record-high capacity prices, with experts warning that consumers will ultimately pay the difference through multi-year bill impacts.
Pennsylvania’s challenges are a part of a broader national story, but PJM’s near-term imbalance made the region a focal point. A separate forecast from consulting and technology firm ICF projects U.S. electricity demand will rise 25% by 2030 and as much as 78% by 2050, with peak demand growing 14% and 54% over those same periods.
Capacity prices and ratepayer guardrails
In April, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, or FERC, approved a settlement setting guardrails for the 2026-2028 auctions: a $325 price cap and a floor of $125.
In PJM’s report on the 2027-2028 Base Residual Auction, the grid operator said it procured 134,479 MW of unforced capacity at $333.44 per MW-day – a 1.3% increase over the prior year. Still, PJM said committed supply fell 6,623 MW short of its stated reliability requirement once the Fixed Resource Requirement is included – a shortfall roughly equivalent to powering about 6.6 million homes.
Stu Bresler, PJM’s incoming chief operating officer, said customers shouldn’t assume the worst, noting the region still holds reserves designed to meet the “once-in-10-year” reliability standard – though extreme weather or shifting market conditions can still test the system.
Government involvement
A statewide poll found most respondents worried about utility bills and wanting lawmakers to intervene, while governors across the PJM region pushed for a stronger state voice in its governance.
“It has proven, over the last number of years, too darn hard to get enough new generation projects off the ground because of how slow PJM’s queue is,” said Gov. Josh Shapiro. He added they are exploring all options, including leaving PJM.
The governor’s comments followed a complaint he filed with federal regulators to compel PJM to adjust the math used in its power pricing auctions and speed approval for new generation projects.
Shapiro and allies argued that without changes, PJM-related costs would have surged – estimates at the time suggest increases as high as 800%, with utility bills rising by roughly 30%, according to multiple estimates.
Democratic governors in four other states in the power grid’s territory, as well as consumer protection organizations, backed the complaint. Eventually, PJM submitted a price cap adjustment that would lower the cost from $500 per megawatt day to $325.
“It shouldn’t take going to court to have our voices and the voices of 67 million who are served by the PJM grid heard by PJM’s leadership,” Shapiro said. “We need to be in the room to make sure our citizens have a seat at the table.”
Shapiro drew criticism from some Republican lawmakers. Sen. Gene Yaw, who chairs the chamber’s Environmental Resources and Energy Committee, for example, noted that PJM is powerless to change state policies that focus on climate action targets and are outpaced by growing demand.
Competing narratives on affordability
One line of argument emphasized high electricity rates and broader affordability worries. Another highlighted that, when adjusted for inflation, Pennsylvanians may be paying less than they did nearly 30 years ago due to deregulation and the competitive market.
Meanwhile, industry groups offered a different message about the long-term price trajectory.
A joint statement from the Electric Power Supply Association and PJM Power Providers Group warned that customers enjoyed record-low supply prices over the last decade; however, a new era has dawned and there is a cost to building the projected necessary resources on the timeline required.
Reliability issues
A PUC report found a record number of reportable outage events in the commonwealth in 2024, driven largely by severe storms and vegetation-related damage, and compounded by the challenges of an aging grid.
Forecasting how much power the region will need is tied to nearly every debate over cost and reliability.
PJM said its peak load forecast is about 5,250 MW higher than in the 2026-2027 capacity auction, with nearly 5,100 MW of that increase attributable to data center demand. The cleared resource mix for the auction year illustrated the current balance of the system: 43% natural gas, 21% nuclear, 20% coal, 5% demand response, 4% hydro, 2% wind, 2% oil, and 1% solar.
At the same time, policymakers and analysts raised concerns about “ghost projects” – speculative or duplicative interconnection requests that inflate forecasts, complicate planning, and can lead to overbuild risk, stranded asset concerns, and contentious arguments over who should pay for upgrades.
PJM has also pointed to significant supply in the pipeline: as of August, it said about 46,000 MW of new generation had signed interconnection agreements and were ready to construct – enough, once operational, to supply as many as 46 million homes. But many of those projects face headwinds outside PJM’s direct control, including siting and permitting challenges, supply chain delays, and difficult financing conditions.
Possible solutions
Making the most of the existing generation became a topic of discussion.
“Make no mistake. Transitioning the energy mix isn’t a simple task,” said Diane Holder of Reliability First, at a House Energy Committee meeting in May. “It’s not a shift from one resource to another. It’s a monumental change to how the bulk power system operates and it will take careful planning – and we risk blackouts if we don’t get this right.”
Witnesses also stressed that the transition to more wind and solar adds complexity because many renewable resources do not automatically provide the same stabilizing grid services as traditional plants unless paired with storage and grid-forming technologies.
The hearing reflected growing consensus around “high-impact, lower-friction” upgrades: grid-enhancing technologies such as dynamic line ratings, advanced conductors, and other upgrades that can increase transfer capability on existing lines.
One example cited dynamic line ratings applied to 11 major transmission lines, with an estimated $23 million per year in congestion savings. “NextGen Highways” – the concept of co-locating high-voltage transmission along highway corridors – was presented as one pathway to reduce siting conflict and speed project development.
Pennsylvania’s grid is among the oldest in the country, making efficiency crucial, Chris D’Agostino of Advanced Energy United told The Center Square.
Integrated energy planning, he said, while still new, is viewed as a key innovation to optimize utility operations and investments. But, making overlapping electric and gas functions work together takes coordination and communication.
D’Agostino compared planning to a potluck dinner: without coordination, two people might bring the same dish. Likewise, poor coordination risks duplication of investments and unnecessary spending.
Large load policy
Connecting large load customers like data centers sits at the center of the affordability and reliability discussion.
The PUC launched a series of public hearings aimed at developing a model tariff to guide interconnection and rate structures for large load customers. Vice Chair Kim Barrow framed the moment as one requiring “radical transparency,” noting the challenges of base load needs, climate-driven storms, infrastructure constraints, and unprecedented demand growth.
Data center companies and trade groups – including representatives from Amazon Data Services, Google, Vantage Data Centers, and the Data Center Coalition – emphasized that tariffs should be fair, transparent, and grounded in cost-causation principles. Utilities and data center representatives also raised the need for clear rules around co-location and interconnection to reduce uncertainty and protect existing customers from stranded costs.
On the PJM side, the debate intensified through the Critical Issues Fast Path process – a fast-track effort launched in August to address large-load growth and co-located data centers.
A coalition of state legislators submitted a “Protecting Ratepayers Proposal” aimed at ensuring households aren’t subsidizing new data center demand from Fortune 500 companies. Consumer advocates and the NRDC supported related concepts, pushing for “bring your own” or curtailment-first approaches that would require large loads to manage their impact on the grid.
But the process ended the year without a clear winner. At PJM’s Nov. 19 meeting, none of the 12 proposal packages received the votes needed to pass. Stakeholders acknowledged that the proposals were complex and some arrived late, requiring more development.
Following the meeting, FERC directed PJM to establish transparent rules to facilitate service of AI-driven data centers and other large loads co-located with generation facilities.
As we enter a new year, Pennsylvania still seeks answers on how to deliver a reliable energy future – and who pays for it.
